Such skills illustrate the child's growing sense of independence and autonomy.įor example, during this stage children begin to assert their independence, by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with, and making choices about what they like to wear, to eat, etc. The child is developing physically and becoming more mobile, and discovering that he or she has many skills and abilities, such as putting on clothes and shoes, playing with toys, etc. If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, and may then become overly dependent upon others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their abilities. If children in this stage are encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of will. According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. This stage occurs between the ages of 18 months to approximately 3 years. It may result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and an over feeling of mistrust in the world around them.Ĭonsistent with Erikson's views on the importance of trust, research by Bowlby and Ainsworth has outlined how the quality of the early experience of attachment can affect relationships with others in later life.Īutonomy versus shame and doubt is the second stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. This infant will carry the basic sense of mistrust with them to other relationships. By developing a sense of trust, the infant can have hope that as new crises arise, there is a real possibility that other people will be there as a source of support.įailing to acquire the virtue of hope will lead to the development of fear. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of hope. In this situation the infant will not have confidence in the world around them or in their abilities to influence events. If the care has been inconsistent, unpredictable and unreliable, then the infant may develop a sense of mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety. If these needs are not consistently met, mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety may develop.
If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable and reliable, they will develop a sense of trust which will carry with them to other relationships, and they will be able to feel secure even when threatened. During this stage, the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live, and looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care. This stage begins at birth continues to approximately 18 months of age. mistrust is the first stage in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Stage Psychosocial Crisis Basic Virtue Age 1.
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